The small effects of political advertising are small regardless of context, message, sender, or receiver: Evidence from 59 real-time randomized experiments (Coppock, Hill & Vavreck, 2020)
Coppock, Hill & Vavreck, "The small effects of political advertising are small regardless of context, message, sender, or receiver", Science Advances
Full citation. Coppock, Alexander, Seth J.
record src_meth_coppock_2020
Quoted from this source 2 passages
“On average, the advertisements moved target candidate favorability 0.049 scale points (1 to 5 scale) … The effect on target candidate vote choice is also small at 0.7 percentage points, but is not statistically significant.”
“Attack and promotional advertisements appear to work similarly well. Effects are not substantially different depending on which campaign produced the advertisements or in what electoral context they were presented.”
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