A bitter victory and a sweet defeat: the July 2023 Spanish general election

Quoted from this source 2 passages

• “Compared to the 2019 election, Vox lost around 2.7 per centage points in support, only slightly more than Sumar (if we consider that Compromís and Más País ran inside the Sumar coalition). However, Sumar lost seven seats in total, while Vox lost 19. Part of this differential decline lies in the systemic effects of the Spanish electoral system… Thus, in the 2019 election, 21 out of 52 seats for Vox came from the small districts, those allocating six or fewer seats.”

• “the Spanish electoral system penalises the inefficient distribution of votes: good electoral performance in small districts, but below the effective electoral threshold essentially makes the party's ballots wasted. In 2023, Vox had significant support, but not enough, in these small and medium districts.”

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• note Vox in Spain